地鐵施工(gong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)的確定(ding)，必須因地制宜、統籌兼顧、選擇(ze)技(ji)術可(ke)靠、水平(ping)先進、經濟合理的斷面型式和施工(gong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)，一般來講，地下(xia)車站有明挖(wa)、蓋(gai)挖(wa)和暗(an)挖(wa)三種方(fang)法(fa)(fa)，隧道有明挖(wa)和暗(an)挖(wa)兩(liang)種施工(gong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。暗(an)挖(wa)法(fa)(fa)有礦山法(fa)(fa)和盾構法(fa)(fa) ，小編今天就詳細講解一下(xia)暗(an)挖(wa)法(fa)(fa)的兩(liang)種方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。

1〕 礦山法

地鐵施工(gong)采用的礦(kuang)山法(fa)，是近(jin)年來(lai)為適應城市淺埋(mai)(mai)暗挖(wa)(wa)隧道的需要而開展(zhan)起來(lai)的一(yi)施工(gong)方法(fa)，也(ye)稱淺埋(mai)(mai)暗挖(wa)(wa)法(fa)。目前已(yi)在(zai)北京地鐵和(he)廣(guang)州地鐵一(yi)號線廣(guang)泛使用。其斷面根(gen)據地鐵限界要求一(yi)般(ban)設計為馬碲形斷面，采用復合式(shi)襯(chen)砌。

淺埋暗挖法施(shi)工(gong)，工(gong)藝簡(jian)單、靈(ling)活(huo)，可以根(gen)據不同(tong)地(di)層條(tiao)件(jian)及時(shi)修正、變(bian)更。它充(chong)分利用圍巖的自(zi)穩(wen)(wen)能力，而在(zai)軟(ruan)弱(ruo)地(di)層中那么用超前(qian)支護(hu)加(jia)強圍巖的自(zi)穩(wen)(wen)能力，在(zai)圍巖失穩(wen)(wen)之前(qian)及時(shi)進展支護(hu)—初期支護(hu)。其施(shi)工(gong)方案及施(shi)工(gong)步驟(zou)一般根(gen)據地(di)層圍巖分類及上部建筑(zhu)物條(tiao)件(jian)來(lai)確定(ding)。

暗挖車(che)站的(de)具(ju)體施工(gong)(gong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)及施工(gong)(gong)步驟(zou)，可根據各站所處的(de)地(di)理位置、地(di)面(mian)環境條件、車(che)站斷面(mian)型式和埋(mai)深及工(gong)(gong)程地(di)質情況分別采用不(bu)同的(de)施工(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)，如(ru)“中洞(dong)法(fa)(fa)〞、“柱洞(dong)法(fa)(fa)〞、“眼睛工(gong)(gong)法(fa)(fa)〔眼鏡法(fa)(fa)〕〞及“CRD〞工(gong)(gong)法(fa)(fa)等。 

2〕 盾構法

一般(ban)是指由盾(dun)構(gou)機(ji)實施開挖、并同時拼裝(zhuang)襯(chen)砌(qi)預(yu)制管片而形(xing)成隧道的工(gong)法。配合(he)島式車(che)站，盾(dun)構(gou)法施工(gong)其構(gou)造斷面形(xing)式一般(ban)為(wei)單線雙洞圓形(xing)隧道。 ;

盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)法(fa)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)最(zui)主(zhu)要的(de)特點是(shi)采用了稱為盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)機(ji)(ji)的(de)獨特施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)具，該機(ji)(ji)器是(shi)一(yi)個能(neng)(neng)同(tong)時支(zhi)撐地層(ceng)壓(ya)力且又能(neng)(neng)在(zai)地層(ceng)中(zhong)向前推進的(de)鋼管(guan)(guan)構(gou)(gou)造〔簡稱盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)體〕，在(zai)其前方設置(zhi)的(de)刀(dao)盤中(zhong)安裝有各種刀(dao)具通過轉(zhuan)動(dong)切割土(tu)體并(bing)(bing)向螺(luo)旋輸(shu)運器或管(guan)(guan)道(dao)輸(shu)送，同(tong)時在(zai)尾部周邊(bian)布置(zhi)一(yi)圈千斤頂作后座支(zhi)力，盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)機(ji)(ji)向前掘進一(yi)定(ding)距離后，在(zai)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)尾殼內即及(ji)時安裝襯砌環(huan)，并(bing)(bing)以(yi)此不斷循環(huan)，所以(yi)在(zai)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)機(ji)(ji)所到之處，就是(shi)隧道(dao)形成之時。顯然盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)法(fa)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)具前隧道(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)最(zui)具機(ji)(ji)械化，最(zui)有平安質量保障和在(zai)均質及(ji)軟土(tu)層(ceng)中(zhong)適應性(xing)強、速度(du)最(zui)快的(de)先進施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝。