水(shui)源井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、地(di)(di)(di)(di)熱(re)井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、油(you)井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、鹽鹵井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等管井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)修理作(zuo)業，近些(xie)年除石(shi)油(you)作(zuo)業隊對油(you)氣井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)大修工程(cheng)外。當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)上說(shuo)到修井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)大都是(shi)指地(di)(di)(di)(di)熱(re)井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與水(shui)源井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)修理作(zuo)業。通常按用處(chu)分為地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)普查或(huo)(huo)勘(kan)探鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、水(shui)文地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、水(shui)井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)或(huo)(huo)工程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、地(di)(di)(di)(di)熱(re)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、石(shi)油(you)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、煤田鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、礦田鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、建筑地(di)(di)(di)(di)上鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等。一般打井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)機(ji)的(de)(de)組成(cheng)：柴油(you)機(ji)、沖(chong)突離合器、變速箱(xiang)、分動箱(xiang)、傳動軸、泥漿泵、清水(shui)泵、真空泵、轉盤、水(shui)龍頭、卷揚機(ji)、液壓系統、操作(zuo)組織、桅桿、鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)具、車(che)架等。

1、卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)事(shi)(shi)端原因(yin)(yin)及(ji)處理(li)卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)原因(yin)(yin)：卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)是因(yin)(yin)為(wei)地質因(yin)(yin)素、鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井液功能不(bu)(bu)佳、技(ji)術措施不(bu)(bu)妥等原因(yin)(yin)而在鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井過程中產生的，使鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井工具長期不(bu)(bu)能自(zi)由移動，這種現(xian)象稱為(wei)卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)現(xian)象。主要有粘著卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、沉砂卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、砂橋卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、井筒卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、縮(suo)徑卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、泥袋卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、落物(wu)卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)具掉落等。處理(li)粘著事(shi)(shi)端的辦(ban)法(fa)有：

(1)氣泡油釋放(fang)卡(ka)；

(2)振動器減震卡；

(3)反扣套銑削；

(4)爆炸松動；

(5)爆(bao)炸鉆(zhan)具(ju)側鉆(zhan)新孔等；

2、井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)壁失穩和井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)壁塌陷現象。形(xing)成(cheng)井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)壁崩塌的(de)原因有：井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)內液柱壓(ya)(ya)力(li)不能(neng)平(ping)衡(heng)地(di)層(ceng)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)；地(di)層(ceng)浸沒在鉆井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)液中，形(xing)成(cheng)水敏(min)脹大、決裂和剝(bo)落；地(di)層(ceng)自(zi)身破碎(sui)、疏松、抽汲現象導(dao)致低井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)筒壓(ya)(ya)力(li)下降(jiang)；在開(kai)端(duan)(duan)鉆井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)過(guo)程中，因為充注鉆井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)液失效，井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)內流體柱壓(ya)(ya)下降(jiang)；鉆井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)液停用時刻(ke)過(guo)長，鉆井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)液功能(neng)產生變(bian)化。在開(kai)孔段長時刻(ke)，大位移循環等。當(dang)井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)壁塌陷嚴(yan)重時，會(hui)導(dao)致井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)筒的(de)復雜性和井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)內事端(duan)(duan)的(de)產生。