我國礦山,水電,交通(tong)等地下工程需要建(jian)設大量井筒,作為進出(chu)口,通(tong)風(feng),安全逃逸(yi)通(tong)道等,許(xu)多(duo)井筒都有(you)下部出(chu)口.以前這類(lei)工程采用(yong)的鉆(zhan)爆法正向施工,在安全和(he)效率(lv)方面存在許(xu)多(duo)問(wen)題,沒有(you)充分利(li)用(yong)大部分工程具有(you)下部出(chu)口這一有(you)利(li)工程條件.

因此,本文提出反(fan)井(jing)(jing)鉆井(jing)(jing)法鑿井(jing)(jing)新(xin)工藝,達到綜(zong)合(he)機(ji)(ji)械化(hua)破(po)巖(yan)鉆進(jin)(jin),操作(zuo)人(ren)員不下井(jing)(jing)作(zuo)業,從(cong)根本解決鑿井(jing)(jing)安全(quan)問題. 反(fan)井(jing)(jing)鉆機(ji)(ji)采用的是由上向(xiang)(xiang)下鉆進(jin)(jin)導孔,然后由下向(xiang)(xiang)上擴孔的施工工藝,以前(qian)多(duo)用作(zuo)爆破(po)刷大的導井(jing)(jing),作(zuo)為反(fan)井(jing)(jing)鉆井(jing)(jing)鑿井(jing)(jing)法,需(xu)要一次擴孔到所需(xu)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing),鉆進(jin)(jin)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)從(cong)1.4m到5m,破(po)巖(yan)面積增大12.7倍(bei),需(xu)要解決大體(ti)積機(ji)(ji)械破(po)巖(yan),大面積暴露井(jing)(jing)幫穩定及(ji)控制理論,以及(ji)相適應的大直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)反(fan)井(jing)(jing)鉆機(ji)(ji).

本(ben)文對(dui)(dui)反(fan)井(jing)(jing)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)鑿井(jing)(jing)新工藝的(de)(de)(de)研究背景,研究目(mu)標及(ji)(ji)技(ji)(ji)術路(lu)線(xian)進行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)(le)(le)分(fen)析(xi),確定了(le)(le)(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)反(fan)井(jing)(jing)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)機(ji)(ji)技(ji)(ji)術關(guan)鍵. 大(da)(da)(da)體(ti)(ti)積(ji)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)巖(yan)(yan)采(cai)(cai)用的(de)(de)(de)盤形滾(gun)(gun)刀(dao)(dao)和鑲齒滾(gun)(gun)刀(dao)(dao),本(ben)文對(dui)(dui)兩種(zhong)滾(gun)(gun)刀(dao)(dao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)巖(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)理進行(xing)(xing)理論分(fen)析(xi),實驗(yan)室試驗(yan),并采(cai)(cai)用LS-DYNA動態有限元,對(dui)(dui)鑲齒盤型(xing)滾(gun)(gun)刀(dao)(dao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)巖(yan)(yan)進行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)(le)(le)數值(zhi)分(fen)析(xi),在(zai)巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)為(wei)花崗巖(yan)(yan)條(tiao)件下,兩種(zhong)滾(gun)(gun)刀(dao)(dao)壓(ya)入巖(yan)(yan)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)深度與正(zheng)壓(ya)力(li)成(cheng)正(zheng)比,同(tong)樣(yang)正(zheng)壓(ya)力(li)條(tiao)件下,鑲齒滾(gun)(gun)刀(dao)(dao)壓(ya)入深度大(da)(da)(da),且破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)碎(sui)單位體(ti)(ti)積(ji)巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)能耗相對(dui)(dui)小(xiao),為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)達(da)到同(tong)樣(yang)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)巖(yan)(yan)效(xiao)果(guo),盤形滾(gun)(gun)刀(dao)(dao)所(suo)需壓(ya)力(li)大(da)(da)(da),也(ye)增大(da)(da)(da)了(le)(le)(le)(le)切向(xiang)推(tui)力(li),這樣(yang)也(ye)需要(yao)更大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)扭矩(ju)(ju)和鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)機(ji)(ji)功率,考慮反(fan)井(jing)(jing)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)機(ji)(ji)特點,本(ben)文認為(wei)鑲齒滾(gun)(gun)刀(dao)(dao)更適合反(fan)井(jing)(jing)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)法(fa)鑿井(jing)(jing)大(da)(da)(da)體(ti)(ti)積(ji)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)巖(yan)(yan).對(dui)(dui)于大(da)(da)(da)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)反(fan)井(jing)(jing)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)機(ji)(ji)擴(kuo)(kuo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭結構(gou)進行(xing)(xing)分(fen)析(xi),提出了(le)(le)(le)(le)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)平(ping)衡鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭滾(gun)(gun)刀(dao)(dao)布(bu)置原則,形成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)5m大(da)(da)(da)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)擴(kuo)(kuo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭.在(zai)對(dui)(dui)滾(gun)(gun)刀(dao)(dao)及(ji)(ji)擴(kuo)(kuo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭受力(li)分(fen)析(xi)基礎上,研究確定了(le)(le)(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)反(fan)井(jing)(jing)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)機(ji)(ji)主要(yao)技(ji)(ji)術參(can)數:導孔(kong)(kong)(kong)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)350-380mm,擴(kuo)(kuo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)3.5-5.0m,拉力(li)600kN,出軸轉速0-5rpm,扭矩(ju)(ju)300kNm等,為(wei)大(da)(da)(da)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)反(fan)井(jing)(jing)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)機(ji)(ji)設計(ji)打(da)下基礎. 大(da)(da)(da)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)反(fan)井(jing)(jing)井(jing)(jing)幫(bang)需要(yao)在(zai)擴(kuo)(kuo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)進,設備拆(chai)除及(ji)(ji)支護期(qi)間長(chang)時間暴露,井(jing)(jing)幫(bang)穩(wen)定是(shi)反(fan)井(jing)(jing)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)鑿井(jing)(jing)法(fa)成(cheng)敗的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術關(guan)鍵,地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)條(tiao)件,地(di)(di)(di)應力(li)及(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)(di)質構(gou)造是(shi)影響井(jing)(jing)幫(bang)穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)因素,本(ben)文建立了(le)(le)(le)(le)井(jing)(jing)幫(bang)力(li)學分(fen)析(xi)模型(xing),采(cai)(cai)用剪切破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)壞(huai)強度理論,確定了(le)(le)(le)(le)井(jing)(jing)幫(bang)失(shi)穩(wen)條(tiao)件,提出采(cai)(cai)用地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)改性(xing)方法(fa),通(tong)過對(dui)(dui)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)碎(sui)地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)注漿加固,提高了(le)(le)(le)(le)軟弱地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)整性(xing)和等效(xiao)模量(liang),使地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中的(de)(de)(de)塑性(xing)變(bian)形區域消失(shi),軟弱地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)塌孔(kong)(kong)(kong)和縮頸的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)減小(xiao).通(tong)過計(ji)算對(dui)(dui)比,在(zai)煤礦(kuang)巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)條(tiao)件下注漿擴(kuo)(kuo)散(san)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)在(zai)10m,能夠達(da)到反(fan)井(jing)(jing)井(jing)(jing)幫(bang)穩(wen)定. 

本文在(zai)分(fen)析大直(zhi)徑反井(jing)(jing)鉆(zhan)井(jing)(jing)穿過的不同(tong)地(di)層(ceng)條件(jian)的基(ji)礎上(shang),研究確定(ding)5種反井(jing)(jing)鉆(zhan)井(jing)(jing)鑿(zao)井(jing)(jing)工藝,包括大直(zhi)徑反井(jing)(jing)一次成井(jing)(jing),局(ju)(ju)部(bu)(bu)開挖預(yu)支護,定(ding)向鉆(zhan)進導(dao)孔,地(di)表局(ju)(ju)部(bu)(bu)不穩定(ding)地(di)層(ceng)加固,局(ju)(ju)部(bu)(bu)破(po)碎(sui)地(di)層(ceng)單孔加固,地(di)面預(yu)注漿地(di)層(ceng)改性等,使反井(jing)(jing)鉆(zhan)井(jing)(jing)鑿(zao)井(jing)(jing)法能夠(gou)在(zai)不同(tong)工程條件(jian)和(he)地(di)質條件(jian)得到(dao)應用.

本文對倒"T"新型大直徑反井鉆架結構在鉆進,拆卸鉆桿過程中,鉆架受力及變形進行了模擬計算,對分體式大直徑擴孔鉆頭及滾刀布置進行了分析,成功研制出5.0m大直徑反井鉆機.在此基礎上,在煤礦井筒工程中進行工業性試驗,通過工程實踐檢驗了滾刀破巖及地層穩定理論,大直徑反井鉆機的設計和反井鉆井工藝合理性,證明反井鉆井鑿井法的是一種可靠地鑿井工藝.